Natural controls are frequently quite effective in preventing buildups of diamondback moth populations. The diamondback moth caterpillar causes damages to crops. In recent years, the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella lepidoptera. Scout for diamondback moth and bertha armyworm in canola 08. The use of transplants that are free of larval contamination is a key step in avoiding damage. These resources are available free of charge to scientists interested in.
As a result, the topic of diamondback moth overwintering in temperate climates remains controversial. In the uk, severe infestations by plutella xylostella occur sporadically and are due mainly to the immigration of moths. Insecticide resistance management for diamondback moth in georgia. In most years the insect causes minor economic damage, but in some. Plutellidae, has become the most destructive insect pest of cruciferous vegetables brassica oleracea l. Diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, species of moth in the family yponomeutidae order lepidoptera that is sometimes placed in its own family, plutellidae. Plutellidae, is an important pest of brassicaceous crops e. Evaluating trap crops for diamondback moth, plutella. The adult moth is small with a wingspan of about 15 mm. Eggs are laid singly or in small groups, on the upper side. Detailed biology of diamondback moth can be found in marsh 1917 and harcourt 1955, 1957, 1963. The moth is a small, gray and brown moth that measures.
It was the first crop insect reported to develop resistance to microbial bacillus thuringiensis insecticides, and has shown resistance to almost every insecticide, including the most recent. Plutellidae 4 produced in the southern states and then moved north as weather allows. Diamondback moth resistance management recommendations resistance management for dbm, as with any insect, centers on minimizing exposure of the pest. However, there has been general agreement that the diamondback moth does not overwinter in diapause. A new pesticidefree way to control diamondback moths. The diamondback moth dbm plutella xylostella is the worlds worst insect pest of brassica crops cabbages, canola, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, etc. Insects free fulltext phenology of the diamondback moth. Reserve the most effective insecticides to protect the harvested portion of the crop. The moths are small, about the length of two grains of rice, but females can lay upwards of 150 eggs during their lifetime, and a generation can be. North street, cornell university, geneva, ny 14456, usa.
Adult diamondback moth, plutella xylostella linnaeus. Knodel, department of entomology, ndsu diamondback moth larvae can be monitored in the field by pulling all plants from a 1squarefoot area. Insects free fulltext phenology of the diamondback. Diamondback moth definition of diamondback moth by. The diamondback moth, plutella xylostella lepidoptera. It is a common pest in the cabbage family crucifers.
Because of inconsistencies in individual control methods, inefficiencies and time demands of scouting. Jul 17, 2015 an article in the in the journal biomed central biology describes a new pesticidefree and environmentallyfriendly way to control diamondback moths plutella xylostella with a selflimiting gene. For example, warming has clearly benefitted the diamondback moth plutella xylostella, which is. Hutchison, umn the diamondback moth, dbm plutella xylostella, is the single most destructive pest of cabbage and leafy greens worldwide. The leaves will inevitably fall and this will cause the plant to end up only as a skeleton.
Biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. Natural history, ecology, and management of diamondback moth. The diamondback moth dbm, plutella xylostella, is a global economic pest of brassicas whose pest status has been exacerbated by climate change and. Diamondback moth plutella maculipennis, a butterfly of the family plutellidae, injurious to cruciferpus plants.
There are several generations during a single growing season, so all different life stages eggs, larvae, pupae, adults can be found in the field at the same time. Diamondback moth in canola biology and integrated pest management e46, revised feb. Larvae feed on all plant parts, but prefer the undersides of older leaves. Pdf agricultural intensification and greater production of brassica vegetable and oilseed crops over the past. Diamondback moth definition is a nearly cosmopolitan moth plutella xylostella of the family plutellidae whose larva is a pest on cruciferous plants. Sep 06, 2017 diamondback moth larvae can eat the head, which can lead to making it unattractive and worse, unmarketable. In this study, we examined such stress effects in the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella. Another common symptom is the defoliation of the plant. Diamondback moth in canola biology and integrated pest. Jun 17, 2015 the diamondback moth dbm plutella xylostella is the worlds worst insect pest of brassica crops cabbages, canola, broccoli, cauliflower, kale, etc. Affected flowers include sweet alyssum, stock, candytuft, wallflower, and other plants in the cruciferous family. High temperature, relative humidity, heavy rain are the important abiotic factors and an a wide range of natural enemies including parasitoids, predators and entomopathogens are. Diamondback moth project at cornell university in 2015.
Sep 01, 2014 diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. Diamondback moth is a pest of many crucifer crops, including canola. This insect is found worldwide, and was introduced into the united states in 1854. Resistance management diamondback moth in cole crops if a dbm control failure occurs with an moa, rotate to an alternate moa. Diamondback moth project at cornell university faq the. Frequently asked questions about the diamondback moth project. Direct damage occurs as a result of larval feeding, which can have significant impacts on crop quality and, in the case of severe infestations, plant survival. The diamondback moth is a common pest of crops including cabbage, collards, turnip greens, mustard greens, broccoli, cauliflower and other leafy greens. Phillips introduction the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella linnaeus, introduced before the mid1800s into the united states from europe, is a worldwide pest of cruciferous crops. It is found over much of north america, the southern portion of south america, southern africa, europe, india, southeast asia, new zealand, and parts of australia hardy, 1938. Its believed that the species may have originated in europe, south africa, or the mediterranean region, but it has now spread worldwide. It now occurs throughout north america, wherever its host plants are grown. Diamondback moth larvae feed on all plants in the mustard family canola, mustard, cole crops broccoli, cabbage and on several greenhouse plants.
Insecticide resistance management for diamondback moth in. Plutella xylostella was monitored using pheromone traps, by. Synergist studies have provided insufficient evidence to show significant involvement of known metabolic systems, such as microsomal oxidation, esterase hydrolysis, and glutathione. Longevity, flight ability and reproductive performance of the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l. Field trapping of diamondback moth plutella xylostella using. The diamondback moth may have its origin in europe hardy, 1938 but on the basis of the large complex and sexual forms of its parasitoids and host plants found in south africa, kfir 1998 speculated that it originated in south africa and then dispersed to europe. This potent fourcomponent lure for diamondback males also attractedcrymodes devastator males, and in this respect is not. The transport of insecticideresistant populations also may occur.
An article in the in the journal biomed central biology describes a new pesticidefree and environmentallyfriendly way to control diamondback moths plutella xylostella with a selflimiting gene. This insect has a long history of becoming resistant to insecticides beginning with ddt in 1953. Diamondback moth definition of diamondback moth by the free. Reliance on chemicals as a control measure for the diamondback moth has resulted in the development of resistance to many insecticides. The diamondback moth is small and resembles its close relative, the ermine moth, but holds its antennae forward when at rest. Diamondback moth resistance management recommendations resistance management for dbm, as with any insect, centers on minimizing exposure of the pest population to a single insecticide or a single class of insecticides, thereby maintaining susceptible individuals within the population or. It was first observed in north america in 1854, in illinois, but spread quickly. A single hot event that does not affect survival but. This potent fourcomponent lure for diamondback males also attractedcrymodes devastator males, and in this respect is not different. Muniappan, junard cruz and jesse bamba arabidopsis thaliana as a model host plant for plutella xylostella 147 jenny barker1,2, guy poppy. Field trapping of diamondback moth plutella xylostella. Diamondback moth project at cornell university in 2015 the. Diamondback moth definition of diamondback moth by the.
Since then, dbm has become resistant to each new class of insecticide arriving to the market whenever those insecticides were used intensively and. It was introduced from europe in the nineteenth century, and is now widely distributed throughout north, central and south america, hawaii, and asia. They are grey or brownish with white marks on the margin of the forewing. Adult diamondback moths are small, 12 mm long, with an 1820 mm wingspan. The larvae attack a wide range of cole crops including. The anterior wings are grayish or blackish brown with a wavy white stripe on the interior edge. It now occurs throughout north america wherever its host plants are grown. There are several generations during a single growing season, so all different life stages eggs, larvae, pupae, adults can be found in.
Evaluating trap crops for diamondback moth, plutella xylostella lepidoptera. Diamondback moth the diamondback moth is the most destructive insect pest of brassica crops throughout the world. In many countries, the diamondback moth has become resistant to all synthetic insecticides used against it in the field and also to toxins from. When disturbed the larvae often fall from their host plants, hanging on by a thin silk thread. A hostfree period functions to reduce the overall dbm population, with assumed equal reduction in both. Pdf biology, ecology, and management of the diamondback moth. The caterpillar is 912 mm long, spindleshaped, and green. Sometimes diamondback moth caterpillars may also bore into heads of broccoli or cauliflower, or in the flower buds of stalks, causing economic injury and contamination. The aim of this study was to develop a more detailed understanding of the phenology of p. Yponomeutidae, has become the most destructive insect of cruciferous plants.
Plutella xylostella linnaeus the adult moth is a small greyish insect with a wingspan of about 7mm. Diamondback moth, plutella xylostella edis university of florida. The dbm is an invasive species and is a serious pest of cabbages, kale, canola and other crucifer crops around the world. Diamondback moth article about diamondback moth by the. Diamondback moth, plutella xylostella linnaeus insecta. Diamondback moth pest insects and other invertebrates. Accidentally introduced from europe, it was first reported in north.
Diamondback moth life cycle information sheet identification scientific name. Use only insecticides registered for diamondback moth control always follow the directions for use on the label of each product diamondback moth plutella xylostella l. The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests. Diamondback moth larvae chew small circular holes in leaves from the undersides, giving the leaves a shothole appearance. These conditions translate into exposures of 40c for insects like the diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, which is a pest living among foliage in brassica field crops where temperatures are around 3c higher than ambient conditions ma, unpublished data. They are small greyishbrown moths around 8mm in length, elongated in shape and have a diamond pattern down their backs. Populations of the diamondback moth routinely infest crops of canola and mustard in canada.
The moths are small, about the length of two grains of rice, but females can lay upwards of 150 eggs during their lifetime and a. Diamondback moth oklahoma state universitystillwater. Uc management guidelines for diamondback moth on cole. It is about 8 mm long, slender with three pale triangular markings on the inner edge of each forewing that form a diamond pattern. The diamondback moth is probably of european origin but is now found throughout the americas and in europe, southeast asia, australia, and new zealand. Diamondback moth plutella xylostella is an important pest in the lowlands in the tropics. The complete life cycle takes about 32 days from egg to adult. The diamondback moth dbm is one of the most studied insect pests in the world, yet it is among the leaders of the most difficult pests to control. In addition to three known sex lure components z11hexadecenyl acetate, z11hexadecenal, and z11hexadecenol, z9tetradecenyl acetate was fieldproven as a trace coattractant for maleplutella xylostella, with an optimal content below 0. The diamondback moth is a cosmopolitan species that probably originated in the mediterranean region. The diamondback moth, plutella xylostella, is a major agricultural pest and invasive species in new york state, as well as other states and countries. The small, grayishbrown moth sometimes has a creamcolored band that forms a diamond along its back. Host range and host specificity the diamondback moth feeds only on members of the family cruciferae. Longevity, flight ability and reproductive performance of the.
A survey of the world literature was published by talekar et al. The cost of its chemical control exceeds one billion us dollars annually. Diamondback moth plutella xylostella management request pdf. The diamondback moth plutella xylostella, sometimes called the cabbage moth, is a moth species of the family plutellidae and genus plutella. Sustainability free fulltext diamondback moth, plutella. When resting, the wings are folded over the body in a roof like position. Sex pheromone trap for monitoring diamondback moth. Cryptic insects such as young diamondback moth larvae are sometimes transported and inoculated in this manner.
Plutellidae, is the most important insect pest of crops of the cabbage family throughout the world. These white marks form diamondshaped patterns on the wings when they are at rest. This publication summarizes integrated pest management of diamondback moth including identification, life cycle, crop damage, pheromone trapping, field scouting, economic threshold, cultural methods, biological control and chemical control. Diamondback moth infestations are most serious when they damage the crowns or growing points of young plants or brussels sprouts. Larvae feed on all plant parts, but prefer the undersides of older leaves, crevices between loose leaves, and young buds. Diamondback moth definition of diamondback moth by merriam. It was first observed in north america in 1854, in illinois, but had spread to florida and the rocky mountains by 1883, and was reported from british columbia by 1905. Diamondback moth article about diamondback moth by the free. Beat collected plants onto a clean surface or into a white bucket and then count the number of larvae dislodged from plants. The diamondback moth migrates into nd and usually arrives in late may or early june in north dakota. Pdf integrated pest management of diamondback moth. Diamondback moth completed development from second instar to adult within a temperature range of 4. Diamondback moth larvae can eat the head, which can lead to making it unattractive and worse, unmarketable.
Normally, the diamondback moth takes about 32 days to develop from egg to adult. The diamondback moth is a pest of practically all crucifers, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, collards, kale, brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, turnip, radish, mustard, and watercress. However, the time to complete a generation may vary from 21 to 51 days depending on weather and food conditions. Diamondback moth is probably of european origin but has become rather cosmopolitan, and is now found throughout the americas and in europe, southeast asia, australia, and new zealand. These resources are available free of charge to scientists interested in diamondback moth research. America, diamondback moth is now recorded everywhere that cabbage is grown. Rotate insecticides with different irac groups each dbm generation 4 weeks in mild to 2. Mandatory cruciferfree periods for a region have been undertaken as a.
The management of diamondback moth and other crucifer pests proceedings of the 4th international workshop, nov. Floating row covers can provide a physical barrier to imported diamondback moths in small cole crop plantings. Diamondback moth plutella xylostella was introduced into north america from europe about 150 years ago. The diamondback moth, plutella xylostella l, in the order lepidoptera and the family plutellidae, is another important and very damaging pest of rape and other cruciferous crops in the southern africa region. The impact of these events is generally overlooked in insect population prediction, since they are unlikely to cause widespread mortality, however reproduction may be affected by them. The results indicated that the ge diamondback moths are able to perform well in field cage conditions, offering promise for future diamondback moth management.
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